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Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Lokakṣema (, sometimes abbreviated ''Zhīchèn'' ), born around 147 CE, was the earliest known Buddhist monk to have translated Mahayana sutras into Chinese, and as such, is an important figure in Chinese Buddhism. The name ''Lokakṣema'' means "welfare of the world" in Sanskrit.
==Origins==
Lokaksema was a Kushan of Yuezhi ethnicity from Gandhara. (See Greco-Buddhism.) His ethnicity is described in his adopted Chinese name by the prefix ''Zhi'' (), an abbreviation of ''Yuezhi'' (). As a Kushan Yuezhi, his native tongue might have been the official Kushan language, Bactrian, one of the Tocharian languages, or even Persian or Greek. All of these are Indo-European languages and were spoken by the peoples of the Kushan Empire during his era.
Lokaksema was born in Gandhara, a center of Greco-Buddhist art, at a time when Buddhism was actively sponsored by the king, Kanishka the Great, who convened the Fourth Buddhist council. The proceedings of this council actually oversaw the formal split of Nikaya and Mahayana Buddhism. It would seem that Kanishka was not ill-disposed towards Mahayana Buddhism, opening the way for missionary activities in China by monks such as Lokakṣema.
Lokaksema came from Gandhara to the court of the Han dynasty at the capital, Luoyang, as early as 150 CE and worked there between 178-189 CE. A prolific scholar monk, many early translations of important Mahāyāna texts in China are attributed to him, including the very early prajñāpāramitā sutra ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པའི་མདོ།༼བརྒྱད་སྟོང་པ༽known as the "Practice of the Path" (), the ''Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra'' ()(འཕགས་པ་ད་ལྟར་གྱི་སངས་རྒྱས་མངོན་སུམ་དུ་བཞུགས་པའི་ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།), the ''Ajātaśatru Kaukṛtya Vinodana Sūtra'' (,(འཕགས་པ་མ་སྐྱེས་དགྲའི་འགྱོད་པ་བསལ་བ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།) Taisho XV 627 iii 424a22-425a25), ''Zá pìyù jīng'' (), ''Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra'' ()(འཕགས་པ་དཔའ་བར་འགྲོ་བའི་ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ) ''Infinite Life Sutra'' (), and the ''Mahāratnakuta Sutra'' ()(དཀོན་མཆོག་བརྩེགས་པའི་མདོ།).〔Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary (Daitō shuppansha) p. 287b/319〕〔Fo Guang Shan Dictionary, p. 1416〕〔Buddhist Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary (Hirakawa), p. 569〕〔Index to the Bussho kaisetsu daijiten (Ono), p. 341〕〔Bukkyō daijiten (Mochizuki)(v.1-6), p. 2858a〕 He also translated an early version of a sutra connected to the ''Avatamsaka Sutra''ཕལ་པོ་ཆེའི་མདོ།, the ''Drumakinnararajapariprccha'(འཕགས་པ་མི་འམ་ཅིའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་སྡོང་པོས་ཞུས་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།)', the ''Bhadrapala Sutra''(བཟང་སྐྱོང་གི་མདོ།) and the ''Kasyapaparivarta'འཕགས་པ་དཀོན་མཆོག་བརྩེགས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྣམ་གྲངས་ལེའུ་སྟོང་ཕྲག་བརྒྱ་པ་ལས་འོད་སྲུངས་ཀྱི་ལེའུ་རྒྱ་ཆེར་འགྲེལ་པ',〔A History of Indian Buddhism - Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 248-251〕 which were probably composed in the north of India in the first century.〔"The sudden appearance of large numbers of (Mahayana) teachers and texts (in North India in the second century AD) would seem to require some previous preparation and development, and this we can look for in the South." A. K. Warder, Indian Buddhism, 3rd edition, 1999 p. 335.〕〔A History of Indian Buddhism - Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 252, 253〕
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